Katarzyna Aragońska Hiszpańska Królowa Henryka VIII

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Between 1536 and 1540, in a campaign led by the King's ambitious chief minister Thomas Cromwell, Henry seized land and treasures and destroyed or closed over 800 monasteries and other religious houses – the monks and nuns accused of ‘vicious, carnal and abominable sin. What did Henry do with the money? He played several instruments, including the lute, organ, flute and harp, and composed music and poems, including some for his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The King and Queen were not pleased with married life. The royal couple enjoyed periods of calm and affection, but Anne refused to play the submissive role expected of her. The vivacity and opinionated intellect that had made her so attractive as an illicit lover made her too independent for the largely ceremonial role of a royal wife and it made her many enemies. For his part, Henry disliked Anne's constant irritability and violent temper. After a false pregnancy or miscarriage in 1534, he saw her failure to give him a son as a betrayal. As early as Christmas 1534, Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the chances of leaving Anne without having to return to Catherine. [92] Henry is traditionally believed to have had an affair with Madge Shelton in 1535, although historian Antonia Fraser argues that Henry in fact had an affair with her sister Mary Shelton. [31] After Cromwell's execution, no leading minister emerged in the last seven years of Henry's reign. Overweight, irascible and in failing health, Henry turned his attention to France once more.

With the assistance of his powerful adviser Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Henry petitioned Pope Clement VII but was rebuffed due to pressure from Catherine’s nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Wolsey was forced from power for his failure and died in 1530 awaiting trial for treason. In the winter of 1532, Henry met with Francis I at Calais and enlisted the support of the French King for his new marriage. [76] Immediately upon returning to Dover in England, Henry, now 41, and Anne went through a secret wedding service. [77] She soon became pregnant, and there was a second wedding service in London on 25 January 1533. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer, sitting in judgment at a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the validity of the King's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be valid. [78] Catherine was formally stripped of her title as queen, becoming instead "princess dowager" as the widow of Arthur. In her place, Anne was crowned queen consort on 1 June 1533. [79] The queen gave birth to a daughter slightly prematurely on 7 September 1533. The child was christened Elizabeth, in honour of Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York. [80] Dynastia Tudorów” ( The Tudors), serial z 2007 w reż. Charlesa McDougalla. W roli Henryka wystąpił Jonathan Rhys Meyers At the start of his reign, Henry would spend his days hunting, jousting and attending parties. He wrote a song about his lifestyle, called Pastyme with Good Companye . He would spend some time on the running of the country after Mass each day. He was an accomplished player of many instruments and a composer. Greensleeves, the popular melody frequently attributed to him is, however, almost certainly not one of his compositions.He divorced Catherine and married Anne. They had a daughter, Elizabeth. But Anne was accused of working against Henry, so he cut off her head! The King married Jane Seymour at Whitehall Palace only ten days after Anne’s death. In 1537, the future Edward VI was born in the early hours of 12 October at Hampton Court, and was christened three days later in the Chapel Royal. Tragically, post-natal complications led to Jane’s death at the palace on 24 October. In practice, Tudor monarchs used patronage to maintain a royal court that included formal institutions such as the Privy Council as well as more informal advisers and confidants. [174] Both the rise and fall of court nobles could be swift: Henry did undoubtedly execute at will, burning or beheading two of his wives, 20 peers, four leading public servants, six close attendants and friends, one cardinal (John Fisher) and numerous abbots. [167] Among those who were in favour at any given point in Henry's reign, one could usually be identified as a chief minister, [174] though one of the enduring debates in the historiography of the period has been the extent to which those chief ministers controlled Henry rather than vice versa. [175] In particular, historian G. R. Elton has argued that one such minister, Thomas Cromwell, led a "Tudor revolution in government" independently of the King, whom Elton presented as an opportunistic, essentially lazy participant in the nitty-gritty of politics. Where Henry did intervene personally in the running of the country, Elton argued, he mostly did so to its detriment. [176] The prominence and influence of faction in Henry's court is similarly discussed in the context of at least five episodes of Henry's reign, including the downfall of Anne Boleyn. [177] With Charles V distracted by the internal politics of his many kingdoms and external threats, and Henry and Francis on relatively good terms, domestic and not foreign policy issues had been Henry's priority in the first half of the 1530s. In 1536, for example, Henry granted his assent to the Laws in Wales Act 1535, which legally annexed Wales, uniting England and Wales into a single nation. This was followed by the Second Succession Act (the Act of Succession 1536), which declared Henry's children by Jane to be next in the line of succession and declared both Mary and Elizabeth illegitimate, thus excluding them from the throne. The King was granted the power to further determine the line of succession in his will, should he have no further issue. [117] King Henry VIII and all six of his wives were related through a common ancestor, King Edward I of England. [53]

Henry ruled by proclamation as well as through Parliament and courtiers (and his wives) lived or died at his command. Months later, however, Arthur died of a sudden illness. Henry became next in line for the throne and in 1503 was betrothed to his brother’s widow. Although Cromwell had proved an effective minister in bringing about the royal divorce and the English Reformation, his position was insecure. The Pilgrimage of Grace, an insurrection in 1536, called for Cromwell's dismissal (the rebels were put down) but it was Henry's fourth, abortive and short-lived marriage to Anne of Cleves that led to Cromwell's downfall. Despite being made Earl of Essex in 1540, three months later he was arrested and executed. Henry wanted a son to be king when he died. But he and the Queen, Catherine of Aragon, only had a daughter.

Although the Boleyn family still held important positions on the Privy Council, Anne had many enemies, including the Duke of Suffolk. Even her own uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, had come to resent her attitude to her power. The Boleyns preferred France over the Emperor as a potential ally, but the King's favour had swung towards the latter (partly because of Cromwell), damaging the family's influence. [102] Also opposed to Anne were supporters of reconciliation with Princess Mary (among them the former supporters of Catherine), who had reached maturity. A second annulment was now a real possibility, although it is commonly believed that it was Cromwell's anti-Boleyn influence that led opponents to look for a way of having her executed. [103] [104] Henry was an extravagant spender, using the proceeds from the dissolution of the monasteries and acts of the Reformation Parliament. He converted the money that was formerly paid to Rome into royal revenue. Despite the money from these sources, he was often on the verge of financial ruin due to personal extravagance as well as costly and largely unproductive wars, particularly with King Francis I of France, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, King James V of Scotland and the Scottish regency under the Earl of Arran and Mary of Guise. He expanded the Royal Navy, oversaw the annexation of Wales to England with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 and was the first English monarch to rule as King of Ireland following the Crown of Ireland Act 1542. Henry VII died on 21 April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. Soon after his father's burial on 10 May, Henry suddenly declared that he would indeed marry Catherine, leaving unresolved several issues concerning the papal dispensation and a missing part of the marriage portion. [15] [18] The new King maintained that it had been his father's dying wish that he marry Catherine. [17] Whether or not this was true, it was convenient. Emperor Maximilian I had been attempting to marry his granddaughter Eleanor, Catherine's niece, to Henry; she had now been jilted. [19] Henry's wedding to Catherine was kept low-key and was held at the friar's church in Greenwich on 11 June 1509. [18] Henry claimed descent from Constantine the Great and King Arthur and saw himself as their successor. [20] As well as establishing the Church of England, he authorised the translation and publication of the Bible in English. at RICHMOND PALACE, Surrey Jan 1,Tues New Year Gifts. Among 197 Gifts to the Queen: by Francis Bacon: 'One Pett

Since the Church of England was formed in the 16th century, its supreme governor has been the British monarch. (more) See all videos for this article Sometimes, history is shaped by big events like battles or earthquakes. Sometimes just one person changes things, like Henry VIII.Małżeństwo Katarzyny anulowano krótko przed jej egzekucją. Podobnie jak w przypadku Anny Boleyn, Katarzyna Howard nie mogła być winną cudzołóstwa, jeżeli małżeństwo od początku było nieważne. Ponownie argument ten został zignorowany i Katarzyna została stracona 13 lutego 1542 r. mając ok. 18 lat. Henry VIII was born at Greenwich on 28 June 1491, the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. He became heir to the throne on the death of his elder brother, Prince Arthur, in 1502 and succeeded in 1509.

The descendants of Henry's sister Margaret Tudor–the Stuarts, rulers of Scotland–were thereby excluded from the succession. [162] In 1502, Henry’s brother Arthur died, followed a year later by their mother, Elizabeth of York. Following their deaths, Henry was made to live with his father. This was difficult for the young Henry. We know that, during these years, the prince rarely appeared in public and was supervised constantly.

A protected prince

The future Henry VIII was the second son of Henry VII. This meant that Henry’s older brother Prince Arthur was raised as a future ruler, because it was expected that, as the eldest, he would be king. Prince Henry was brought up in a separate palace, alongside his mother and sisters.