The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire

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a b c Ivanović, Miloš (2019). "Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure". The Hungarian Historical Review. 8 (2): 390–410. ISSN 2063-8647. JSTOR 26902328. Arguments about the inevitability of historical developments, or their precise causes, often become circular. History happened because it happened. What really matters is that the empire did fall. May 1453: When the City Fell...]. iefemerida.com (in Greek). 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2017.

Pertusi, Agostino, ed. (1976). La Caduta di Costantinopoli, II: L'eco nel mondo[ The Fall of Constantinople, II: The Echo in the World] (in Italian). Vol.II. Verona: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla. a b c Hammer, Paul E. J. (2017). Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660. Routledge. p.511. ISBN 978-1-351-87376-5. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019 . Retrieved 9 September 2019. Although absolute in theory and in principle, the sultan's powers were limited in practice. Political decisions had to take into account the opinions and attitudes of important members of the dynasty, the bureaucratic and military establishments, as well as religious leaders. [7] Beginning in the last decades of the sixteenth century, the role of the Ottoman sultans in the government of the empire began to decrease, in a period known as the Transformation of the Ottoman Empire. Despite being barred from inheriting the throne, [12] women of the imperial harem—especially the reigning sultan's mother, known as the valide sultan—also played an important behind-the-scenes political role, effectively ruling the empire during the period known as the Sultanate of Women. [13] There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfilment of a prophecy of the city's demise. [114]Geōrgios Phrantzēs (1980). The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-87023-290-9– via Google Books. Momigliano, Arnaldo; Schiavone, Aldo (1997). Storia di Roma, 1 (in Italian). Turin: Einaudi. ISBN 88-06-11396-8.

Additionally, some of the greatest advances in medicine were made by the Ottomans. They invented several surgical instruments that are still used today, such as forceps, catheters, scalpels, pincers and lancets. Fratricide M'Gregor, J. (July 1854). "The Race, Religions, and Government of the Ottoman Empire". The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art. Vol.32. New York: Leavitt, Trow, & Co. p.376. OCLC 6298914 . Retrieved 2009-04-25. For years, the Turkish government has denied responsibility for the genocide. In fact, it’s illegal, even today, to talk about the Armenian Genocide in Turkey. The Ottoman Legacy Before the siege of Constantinople, it was known that the Ottomans had the ability to cast medium-sized cannons, but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders' expectations. [26] :374 The Ottomans deployed a number of cannons, anywhere from 12 to 62 cannons. They were built at foundries that employed Turkish cannon founders and technicians, most notably Saruca, in addition to at least one foreign cannon founder, Orban (also called Urban). Most of the cannons at the siege were built by Turkish engineers, including a large bombard by Saruca, while one cannon was built by Orban, who also contributed a large bombard. [59] [60]Setton, Kenneth M. (1978). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571): The Fifteenth Century. Vol.2. DJane Publishing. ISBN 0-87169-127-2. Press release). Pasadena, California: Public Information Office, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA). 1993. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 5 June 2017. On April 6 the Ottomans began their artillery barrage and brought down a section of the wall. They mounted a frontal assault of the land walls on April 7, but the Byzantines repelled them and were able to repair the defenses. After pausing to reposition his cannon, Mehmed reopened fire and thereafter maintained daily bombardment. The threat of assassination was always a concern for a Sultan. He relocated every night as a safety measure. The Ottoman Empire and Other Religions Niccola della Tuccia, whose Cronaca di Viterbo written in the autumn of 1453 contains unique information