SS Tiger English Willow Cricket bat (2019 Edition)

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The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals, owing to their flattened cross-section and to low levels of calcium near their tips. [45] [46] The elongation of bat digits, a key feature required for wing development, is due to the upregulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps). During embryonic development, the gene controlling Bmp signalling, Bmp2, is subjected to increased expression in bat forelimbs–resulting in the extension of the manual digits. This crucial genetic alteration helps create the specialized limbs required for powered flight. The relative proportion of extant bat forelimb digits compared with those of Eocene fossil bats have no significant differences, suggesting that bat wing morphology has been conserved for over fifty million years. [47] During flight, the bones undergo bending and shearing stress; the bending stresses felt are smaller than in terrestrial mammals, but the shearing stress is larger. The wing bones of bats have a slightly lower breaking stress point than those of birds. [48] Müller, B.; Glösmann, M.; Peichl, L.; Knop, G. C.; Hagemann, C.; Ammermüller, J. (2009). "Bat Eyes Have Ultraviolet-Sensitive Cone Photoreceptors". PLOS ONE. 4 (7): e6390. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.6390M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006390. PMC 2712075. PMID 19636375. Neuweiler, Gerhard (2000). "Phylogeny and systematics". The Biology of Bats. Oxford University Press. pp.287–299. ISBN 978-0195099508. a b Hristov, N. I.; Conner, W. E. (2005). "Sound strategy: acoustic aposematism in the bat–tiger moth arms race". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 164–169. Bibcode: 2005NW.....92..164H. doi: 10.1007/s00114-005-0611-7. PMID 15772807. S2CID 18306198.

Vampire Bats – The Good, the Bad, and the Amazing" (PDF). Natural Science Research Laboratory – Texas Tech. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2017.

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It takes a lot of energy and an efficient circulatory system to work the flight muscles of bats. Energy supply to the muscles engaged in flight requires about double the amount compared to the muscles that do not use flight as a means of mammalian locomotion. In parallel to energy consumption, blood oxygen levels of flying animals are twice as much as those of their terrestrially locomoting mammals. As the blood supply controls the amount of oxygen supplied throughout the body, the circulatory system must respond accordingly. Therefore, compared to a terrestrial mammal of the same relative size, the bat's heart can be up to three times larger, and pump more blood. [72] Cardiac output is directly derived from heart rate and stroke volume of the blood; [73] an active microbat can reach a heart rate of 1000 beats per minute. [74] Depending on the culture, bats may be symbolically associated with positive traits, such as protection from certain diseases or risks, rebirth, or long life, but in the West, bats are popularly associated with darkness, malevolence, witchcraft, vampires, and death.

By repeated scanning, bats can mentally construct an accurate image of the environment in which they are moving and of their prey. [94] Some species of moth have exploited this, such as the tiger moths, which produces aposematic ultrasound signals to warn bats that they are chemically protected and therefore distasteful. [92] [93] Moth species including the tiger moth can produce signals to jam bat echolocation. Many moth species have a hearing organ called a tympanum, which responds to an incoming bat signal by causing the moth's flight muscles to twitch erratically, sending the moth into random evasive manoeuvres. [95] [96] [97] Vision [ edit ]

Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World (illustrateded.). JHU Press. p.269. ISBN 978-0801857898. Strauß, J.; Lakes-Harlan, R. (2014). "Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Origins of Tympanal Hearing Organs in Insects". In Hedwig, B. (ed.). Insect Hearing and Acoustic Communication. Animal Signals and Communication. Vol.1. Springer. pp.5–26. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-40462-7_2. ISBN 978-3-642-40462-7. a b "CDC Features – Take Caution When Bats Are Near". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 14 April 2014. Sophasarun, N. "Experts debunk bats' bad rap". Online extra. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 November 2017. Paleontologists Determine Original Color of Extinct Bats". SciNews. 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 10 September 2017.