Ebonis Vita Ottonis Episcopi Bambergensis (Classic Reprint)

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Schüppert A., Hilton N. H., Gooskens C. (2015). Swedish is beautiful, Danish is ugly? Investigating the link between language attitudes and spoken word recognition. Linguistics 53 Labov W., Ash S., Boberg C. (2008). The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Rakiæ T., Steffens M. C., Mummendey A. (2011a). Blinded by the accent! The minor role of looks in ethnic categorization. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 100 Nejjari W., Gerritsen M., van Hout R., Planken B. (2019). Refinement of the matched-guise technique for the study of the effect of non-native accents compared to native accents. Lingua 219 Krauss R. M., Freyberg R., Morsella E. (2002). Inferring speakers’ physical attributes from their voices. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 38

To explore how perceived speech stereotypicality influences face selections, we first ran a mixed effects logistic regression on participants’ chosen faces (Low or High Phenotypicality). The initial model included voices (Low or High Stereotypicality) as a fixed effect and participants and the individual face pairs entered as random intercepts. We also ran a mixed effects regression on choice confidence with the same fixed and random effects to see if speech stereotypicality had any undue influence on participants’ confidence in their face selections. Blair I. V., Judd C. M., Sadler M. S., Jenkins C. (2002). The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: judging by features and categories. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 83 This book, or novel, highlights the life of a teenage girl going through extreme difficulties with her father raping her and her mother who dismisses her. The protagonist, Precious Jones, learns to take control of her life and put it into words. The book is written in the AAVE tongue and sharply puts into words the difficulties of urban life. This is a most have for AAVE enthusiasts and those who enjoy a good fiction (urban) story. The equivalent, Tolliver-Weddington (1979); the antonym, Smith (1992) and Smith (1998); both as summarized in Baugh's words.It still is very much the case that many people, without thinking, can harbor negative assumptions about the different ways other people speak. Bates D., Mächler M., Bolker B., Walker S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Statist. Softw. 67 Rakiæ T., Steffens M. C., Mummendey A. (2011b). When it matters how you pronounce it: the influence of regional accents on job interview outcome. Br. J. Psychol. 102 Dragojevic M., Berglund C., Blauvelt T. K. (2018). Figuring out who’s who: the role of social categorization in the language attitudes process. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 37 Lecci L., Myers B. (2008). Individual differences in attitudes relevant to juror decision making: development and validation of the Pretrial Juror Attitude Questionnaire (PJAQ). J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 38

However, public opinion remains deeply divided on issues of culture and race. Teaching English to kids who are born and raised in the US remains unfamiliar and is negatively associated with the Ebonics controversy. While the student population is more diverse than it was two decades ago, classroom teachers in America are predominantly white and monolingual. This population often brings with it negative judgments about dialects – which some linguists call “dominant language ideology” – based on their own experiences and culture. Ebonics pronunciation includes features like the omission of the final consonant in words like 'past' (pas' ) and 'hand' (han'), the pronunciation of the th in 'bath' as t (bat) or f (baf), and the pronunciation of the vowel in words like 'my' and 'ride' as a long ah (mah, rahd). Some of these occur in vernacular white English, too, especially in the South, but in general they occur more frequently in Ebonics. Some Ebonics pronunciations are more unique, for instance, dropping b, d, or g at the beginning of auxiliary verbs like 'don't' and 'gonna', yielding Ah 'on know for "I don't know" and ama do it for "I'm going to do it." What does Ebonics look like? But reporting some of these news stories took time – Applebome’s deepest piece didn’t come out until March – and was generally produced by reporters who were not familiar with English dialects or the history of programs to help dialect speakers learn the dominant form of the language. Dunham Y., Stepanova E. V., Dotsch R., Todorov A. (2015). The development of race-based perceptual categorization: skin color dominates early category judgments. Dev. Sci. 18, 469–483. 10.1111/desc.12228

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Sweetland, Julie (2002), "Unexpected but Authentic Use of an Ethnically-Marked Dialect", Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6 (4): 514–536, doi: 10.1111/1467-9481.00199

However, the need hasn’t gone away, and the practice of using students’ dialects as a bridge to standard English has quietly re-emerged. And the distinction between news and opinion, which is so obvious and important to journalists, is not nearly as clear to non-journalists who tend to lump opinion and news together if it’s being published by the same outlet. Baugh, John (2000). Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic pride and racial prejudice. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512046-9.

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Guy G. R., Cutler C. (2011). Speech style and authenticity: quantitative evidence for the performance of identity. Lang. Variat. Change 23 Carol Cratty, Ashley Hayes and Phil Gast, CNN, " DEA wants to hire Ebonics translators", CNN, August 24, 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2016. Aspect: In language, aspect tells you how something happens. For example, he be dreaming does not mean “he is dreaming”; rather, it means “he tends to dream,” or maybe even “he dreams often.” It does not tell us that he is dreaming right now, but that he dreams regularly. Available online at: http://www.stanford.edu/group/journal/cgi-bin/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2012/09/Phillips_SocSci_2010.pdf [ Google Scholar] Well, why does this matter? As flippantly as we can talk of language myths, put simply, what’s widely considered bad grammar, or bad language, can have truly problematic repercussions for how many people live, especially for those who speak dialects that aren’t considered standard, mainstream, or prestigious. It still is very much the case that many people, without thinking, can harbor negative assumptions about the different ways other people speak. This can have a profound effect on how whole speech communities can live, learn, work, and even play. Getting job interviews, renting an apartment, raising kids to have better options and advantages, even getting through an unexpected, fraught interaction with the police— all these things can be made much harder simply because of a particular accent or dialect.

Walton J. H., Orlikoff R. F. (1994). Speaker race identification from acoustic cues in the vocal signal. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 37

These distinctive Ebonics pronunciations are all systematic, the result of regular rules and restrictions; they are not random 'error'--and this is equally true of Ebonics grammar. For instance, Ebonics speakers regularly produce sentences without present tense is and are, as in "John trippin" or "They allright". But they don't omit present tense am. Instead of the ungrammatical *"Ah walkin", Ebonics speakers would say *"Ahm walkin." Likewise, they do not omit is and are if they come at the end of a sentence--"That's what he/they" is ungrammatical. Many members of the public seem to have heard, too, that Ebonics speakers use an 'invariant' be in their speech (as in "They be goin to school every day"); however, this be is not simply equivalent to is or are. Invariant be refers to actions that occur regularly or habitually rather than on just one occasion. What do people think of Ebonics? The Ebonics controversy was “Topic 1 on radio talk shows across the country,” notes Gene Maeroff in his book, “Imagining Education: The Media and Schools in America.” Ain’t nobody got time for double negatives…said no grammar pedant ever. To a prescriptivist, using double negatives for actually emphasizing more negation is just the worst. If I’m not saying nothing, obviously I must be saying something. As the assumption goes, because two negatives must logically cancel each other out, people who use double negatives in this way must also logically be uneducated or unintelligent. This, of course, is a false belief that is still widely shared in mainstream American culture (possibly even among speakers who regularly use double negation themselves).