The Exorcist Tradition in Islam

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In Catholic practice, the person performing the exorcism, known as an exorcist, must be an ordained priest. The exorcist recites prayers according to the rubrics of the rite, and makes use of religious materials such as icons, sacramentals (e.g. holy water), and holy relics. The exorcist invokes God—specifically the Name of Jesus Christ—as well as the Most Blessed Virgin Mary, saints of the Church Triumphant and the Archangel Michael to intervene with the exorcism. According to Catholic understanding, several weekly exorcisms over many years are sometimes required to expel a deeply entrenched demon. [12] [13]

The Shamanistic Complex gives a possible explanation as to what makes an exorcism effective or can increase the effectiveness. Exorcism exists within a realm of cultural healing practices, social processes that are informed by social norms. [78] This much is true of most other healing practices, inclusive of those focussed on spiritual, psychological, and physical health. As such the systems set out by religious communities, like the Catholic Church, to diagnose and combat spiritual possession as a disease, as only effective as the psychological belief within these aspects. Jones, Lindsay (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol.13 (2ed.). Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA. p.8687. ISBN 0-02-865733-0. Powers of the mind. TV Books. May 1999. ISBN 978-1-57500-028-2. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021 . Retrieved 31 December 2007. The Reverend Luther

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The practice of wearing talismans or amulets is most common among Pakistani and Albanian Muslims (41% and 39%, respectively). By comparison, in the remaining South Asian and Southern and Eastern European countries, roughly a quarter or fewer report wearing talismans. For example, the leaders of these exorcism rituals who are tangki that invited the divine powers from the Deities and conduct a dramatic performance to call out against the demons so the village can once again have peace. The leaders strike themselves with various sharp weapons to show their invincibility to ward off the demons and also to let out their blood. This form of blood is considered to be sacred and powerful, so after the rituals, the blood is blotted with talismans and placed on the door of houses as an act of spiritual protection against evil spirits. [52] Such ritual using blood however is more common among folk sects such as LuShan, and does not take place in more orthodox sects such as QuanZhen or Zheng Yi who are more monastic in nature. However, it is possible that folk Taoists in rural areas descended from orthodox sects may be influenced by local folk religions, so it may be seen. According to Pierre Lory, some jinn tend to have sexual intercourse with humans. [32] There are some hadiths, considered fabricated ( maudhu) by some Sunni hadith scholars ( muhaddith), in support of this view. [32]:

The Islamic prophet Muhammad taught his followers to read the last three suras from the Quran, Surat al-Ikhlas (The Fidelity), Surat al-Falaq (The Dawn) and Surat an-Nas (Mankind). The permissibility of exorcism, as well as models for its practice, can be traced to Hadiths reporting Muhammad and Jesus performing exorcism rites. [42] Calmet, Augustin (30 December 2015). Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. The Complete Volumes I & II. 2016. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p.132. ISBN 978-1-5331-4568-0. Gerda Sengers Women and Demons: Cultic Healing in Islamic Egypt BRILL, 2003 ISBN 9789004127715 p. 50

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Snell, David (2 September 2017). "3 Times Joseph Smith and Satan Went Head to Head". Third Hour. Archived from the original on 6 October 2019 . Retrieved 6 October 2019. Martha Brossier was a young woman who was made infamous around the year of 1578 for her feigned demonic possession discovered through exorcism proceedings. [79] This reflects a style of dichotomy that establishes spiritual possession as an illness which is socially mediated, and reflective of the social climate in which it is produced. Exorcisms are performed in response to spiritual possessions which cause distress or are found to be challenging the status quo and/or hegemonic values within the individual; otherwise, possessions are treated as holy communication from deities. [75] These illnesses/possessions are culturally constructed as either psychological or spiritual. [76] Spiritual possession and exorcism come as a pair, representative of social expectations of ‘normal’ functioning, and can often be engaged as a tool to challenge or maintain religious collective values. The devotional hymn known as Hanuman Chalisa advises conducting exorcisms by praying to Lord Hanuman, the most devoted follower of Rama, a major Hindu deity as according to a shloka(couplet) (भूत पिशाच निकट नहिं आवै ।

Henderson, J. (1981). Exorcism and Possession in Psychotherapy Practice. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 27: 129–34.Silverman, W A. "Neurosurgical Exorcism." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 15.2 (2001): 98–99. Husam Muhi Eldin al-Alousi (1968) The Problem of Creation in Islamic Thought, Qur'an, Hadith, Commentaries, and Kalam. National Printing and Publishing, Bagdad, p. 26 Egdunas Racius ISLAMIC EXEGESIS ON THE JINN: THEIR ORIGIN, KINDS AND SUBSTANCE AND THEIR RELATION TO OTHER BEINGS pp. 132–135 Joralemon, Donald (6 April 2017). Exploring Medical Anthropology (4ed.). London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315470610. ISBN 978-1-315-47061-0. Islamic exorcisms might consist of the treated person lying down, while a sheikh places a hand on a patient's head and recites verses from the Quran, but this is not mandatory. [43] The drinking or sprinkling of holy water (water from the Zamzam Well) may also take place along with applying of clean, non-alcohol-based perfumes, called attar. [44] Specific verses from the Quran are recited that glorify God (e.g., The Throne Verse (Arabic: آية الكرسي Ayatul Kursi)) and invoke God's help. In some cases, the adhan (call for daily prayers) is also read, as this has the effect of repelling non-angelic unseen beings or the jinn. [45]