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Flagel SB, Robinson TE, Clark JJ, Clinton SM, Watson SJ, Seeman P, Phillips PE, Akil H (2010) An animal model of genetic vulnerability to behavioral disinhibition and responsiveness to reward-related cues: implications for addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:388–400. 10.1038/npp.2009.142 Cardinal RN, Parkinson JA, Hall J, Everitt BJ (2002) Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26:321–352

Culver KE, Szechtman H, Levant B (2008) Altered dopamine D2-like receptor binding in rats with behavioral sensitization to quinpirole: effects of pre-treatment with Ro 41-1049. Eur J Pharmacol 592:67–72 Morrow, J. D., Maren, S., & Robinson, T. E. (2011). Individual variation in the propensity to attribute incentive salience to an appetitive cue predicts the propensity to attribute motivational salience to an aversive cue. Behavioral Brain Research, 220(1), 238–243. doi:S0166–4328(11)00117–3 [pii] 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.013.Flagel, S.B., Akil, H., and Robinson, T.E. (2009). Individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to reward-related cues: Implications for addiction. Neuropharmacology 56 (S1), 139-148. Peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) for individual neurons were calculated in 10-ms bins and are shown smoothed with a 5-bin moving average. Population PSTHs were also calculated in 10-ms bins and normalized relative to a 1-s pre-cue baseline before averaging across neurons. The average activity was smoothed for display using a 5-bin moving average. Individuals differ in their predisposition to ST behavior, but the specific learning conditions also play a significant role. Even in adult animals, whether ST or GT develops can be modified by changing the environment and training protocol. Decades of laboratory research on ST offers practical information about how to decrease ST behavior in applied animal training.

is usually a biologically significant stimulus (e.g., food, pain) that can elicit a specific response without any training. During Pavlovian conditioning procedures, the US follows presentation of the conditional stimulus (CS or cue). Unconditional response (UR) Taha SA, Fields HL (2005) Encoding of palatability and appetitive behaviors by distinct neuronal populations in the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 25:1193–1202. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3975-04.2005 A rationale should be provided for why analyses were done on relatively long 1 sec or 0.5 sec bins, and why one or the other bins were selected for different analyses. There seems to be differences in firing responses at different points within these bins. Parkinson JA, Dalley JW, Cardinal RN, Bamford A, Fehnert B, Lachenal G, Rudarakanchana N, Halkerston KM, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (2002) Nucleus accumbens dopamine depletion impairs both acquisition and performance of appetitive Pavlovian approach behaviour: implications for mesoaccumbens dopamine function. Behav Brain Res 137:149–163. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]Wolf, M., van Doorn, G. S., Leimar, O., & Weissing, F. J. (2007). Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities. Nature, 447(7144), 581–584. doi:10.1038/nature05835. Saunders BT, Robinson TE (2013) Individual variation in resisting temptation: implications for addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:1955–1975. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.008