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Osteomalacia is a disease in adults that results from vitamin D deficiency. [1] Characteristics of this disease are softening of the bones, leading to bending of the spine, proximal muscle weakness, bone fragility, and increased risk for fractures. [1] Osteomalacia reduces calcium absorption and increases calcium loss from bone, which increases the risk for bone fractures. Osteomalacia is usually present when 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are less than about 10 ng/mL. [51] Although the effects of osteomalacia are thought to contribute to chronic musculoskeletal pain, there is no persuasive evidence of lower vitamin D levels in people with chronic pain [52] or that supplementation alleviates chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain. [53] Osteomalacia progress to osteoporosis, a condition of reduced bone mineral density with increased bone fragility and risk of bone fractures. Osteoporosis can be a long-term effect of calcium and/or vitamin D insufficiency, the latter contributing by reducing calcium absorption. [2] Use of supplements [ edit ]
Low circulating vitamin D levels have been associated with lower total testosterone levels in males. Vitamin D supplementation could potentially improve total testosterone concentration, although more research is needed. [27] Other diseases [ edit ] Vitamin D is one of the body’s most important vitamins, helping it with a variety of tasks: Vitamin D contributes to the normal function of the immune system and is very important for the body’s structural system, maintaining normal bone and muscle function. Vitamin D3 also contributes to the normal absorption and utilisation of calcium and phosphorus. Several forms ( vitamers) of vitamin D exist. [1] The two major forms are vitamin D 2 or ergocalciferol, and vitamin D 3 or cholecalciferol. [1] Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D 2 or D 3, or both, and is known collectively as calciferol. [ citation needed]
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The conversion from ergosterol to vitamin D 2 follows a similar procedure, forming previtamin D 2 by photolysis, which isomerizes to vitamin D 2 ( ergocalciferol). [172] The transformation of previtamin D 2 to vitamin D 2 in methanol has a rate comparable to that of Grant WB, et al. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):988. If you are taking the chewable tablet or wafers, chew the medication thoroughly before swallowing. Do not swallow whole wafers. Adults who are at risk of vitamin D deficiency should take a daily supplement of 10 micrograms of vitamin D, throughout the year. Low levels of vitamin D in pregnancy are associated with gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small (for gestational age) infants. [101] Although taking vitamin D supplements during pregnancy raises blood levels of vitamin D in the mother at term, [102] the full extent of benefits for the mother or baby is unclear. [101] [102] [103] Pregnant women who take an adequate amount of vitamin D during gestation may experience a lower risk of pre-eclampsia [104] and positive immune effects. [105] Vitamin D supplementation is also likely to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes, undersized babies [104] and of their poor rate of growth. [106] Pregnant women often do not take the recommended amount of vitamin D. [105] Weight loss [ edit ]
A meta-analysis of 2007 concluded that daily intake of 1000 to 2000 IU per day of vitamin D 3 could reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer with minimal risk. [28] Also a 2008 study published in Cancer Research has shown the addition of vitamin D 3 (along with calcium) to the diet of some mice fed a regimen similar in nutritional content to a new Western diet with 1000 IU cholecalciferol per day prevented colon cancer development. [29] In humans, with 400 IU daily, there was no effect of cholecalciferol supplements on the risk of colorectal cancer. [30] Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval. Manufactured foods fortified with vitamin D include some fruit juices and fruit juice drinks, meal replacement energy bars, soy protein-based beverages, certain cheese and cheese products, flour products, infant formulas, many breakfast cereals, and milk. [136] [137] Coulston AM, Boushey C, Ferruzzi M (2013). Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. Academic Press. p.818. ISBN 9780123918840. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2016.Cholecalciferol is synthesized in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol under the action of ultraviolet B (UVB) light. It reaches an equilibrium after several minutes depending on the intensity of the UVB in the sunlight – determined by latitude, season, cloud cover, and altitude – and the age and degree of pigmentation of the skin.
Vitamin D supplementation is not associated with a reduced risk of stroke, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarction, or ischemic heart disease. [13] [77] [78] Supplementation does not lower blood pressure in the general population. [79] [80] [81] Immune system [ edit ] Infectious diseases [ edit ] In general, vitamin D 3 is found in animal source foods, particularly fish, meat, offal, egg and dairy. [133] Fortified Cereal: Making the right breakfast choices in the morning can have a tremendous affect on your health, particularly in terms of fortifying your body with enough vitamin D. Such cereals such as Multi-grain cereals are rich in vitamin D. Not to mention the added boost of vitamin D you get when eating it with fortified milk. A 2012 study done over 12-weeks showed supplementation with Vitamin D3 did result in a decrease in overall fat mass (1). A couple of things to note:It’s best to talk to your doctor before starting supplementation, especially if you’re taking other medications or have any underlying health conditions. According to Schleiger, vitamin D supplements may interact with certain medications, including corticosteroids and medications for seizures or high cholesterol. She also adds that high-dose supplements might not be suitable for people with specific health conditions, such as hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis or kidney disease. Trials have demonstrated lower vitamin D levels are highly prevalent in people with schizophrenia, particularly those with acute episodes. [100] Pregnancy [ edit ] Hydroxylation in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver hepatocytes of cholecalciferol to calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) by 25-hydroxylase is loosely regulated, if at all, and blood levels of this molecule largely reflect the amount of cholecalciferol produced in the skin combined with any vitamin D 2 or D 3 ingested. Cholecalciferol is also produced industrially for use in vitamin supplements from lichens, which is suitable for vegans. [42] [43] Stability [ edit ]
Lotfi-Dizaji L, et al. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation Along With Weight Loss Diet on Meta-Inflammation and Fat Mass in Obese Subjects With Vitamin D Deficiency: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) . 2019 ;90(1):94-101. The active UVB wavelengths are present in sunlight, and sufficient amounts of cholecalciferol can be produced with moderate exposure of the skin, depending on the strength of the sun. [38] Time of day, season, latitude, and altitude affect the strength of the sun, and pollution, cloud cover or glass all reduce the amount of UVB exposure. Exposure of face, arms and legs, averaging 5–30 minutes twice per week, may be sufficient, but the darker the skin, and the weaker the sunlight, the more minutes of exposure are needed. Vitamin D overdose is impossible from UV exposure; the skin reaches an equilibrium where the vitamin degrades as fast as it is created. [38] In general, no good evidence supports the commonly held belief that vitamin D supplements can help prevent osteoporosis. [13] Its general use for prevention of this disease in those without vitamin D deficiency is thus likely not needed. [12] For older people with osteoporosis, taking vitamin D with calcium may help prevent hip fractures, but it also slightly increases the risk of stomach and kidney problems. [64] A study found that supplementation with 800IU or more daily, in those older than 65 years was "somewhat favorable in the prevention of hip fracture and non-vertebral fracture". [65] The effect is small or none for people living independently. [66] [67] Low serum vitamin D levels have been associated with falls, and low bone mineral density. [68] Taking extra vitamin D, however, does not appear to change the risk. [69] Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).In the US - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch. In 2016 in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) amended food additive regulations for milk fortification, [138] stating that vitamin D 3 levels not exceed 42 IU vitamin D per 100 g (400 IU per US quart) of dairy milk, 84 IU of vitamin D 2 per 100 g (800 IU per quart) of plant milks, and 89 IU per 100 g (800 IU per quart) in plant-based yogurts or in soy beverage products. [139] [140] [141] Plant milks are defined as beverages made from soy, almond, rice, among other plant sources intended as alternatives to dairy milk. [142] If it is too difficult to incorporate the natural sources, then you can take a vitamin D3 supplement. Keflie TS, Nölle N, Lambert C, Nohr D, Biesalski HK (October 2015). "Vitamin D deficiencies among tuberculosis patients in Africa: A systematic review". Nutrition. 31 (10): 1204–12. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.05.003. PMID 26333888. Everyone can benefit from taking colecalciferol as a daily vitamin D supplement. Adults who are not at risk of vitamin D deficiency should consider taking a daily supplement of 10 micrograms of vitamin D during autumn and winter.
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