Myles Textbook for Midwives

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Margaret R Oates, OBE MB ChB FRCPsych FRCOG Consultant Perinatal Psychiatrist and Clinical Lead, Strategic Clinical Network for Mental Health, Dementia and Neurological Conditions, NHS England, Nottingham, UK Chapter 25 Perinatal mental health Angie Godfrey, BSc(Hons) RM RN Midwife/Antenatal and NewbornScreening Coordinator, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK Chapter 11 Antenatal screening of the mother and fetus Lucy Kean, BM BCh MD FRCOG Consultant Obstetrician, Subspecialist in Fetal Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK Chapter 11 Antenatal screening of the mother and fetus Freelance Lecturer and Writer; Clinical Midwife, Salisbury NHS Trust, Salisbury, UK Chapter 20 Malpositions of the occiput and malpresentations Chapter 22 Midwifery and obstetric emergencies Change and adaptation in pregnancy................................................143 10 Antenatal care.........................................179 11 Antenatal screening of the mother and fetus..................................................203 12 Common problems associated with early and advanced pregnancy............... 221 13 Medical conditions of significance to midwifery practice..............................243 14 Multiple pregnancy.................................287

Specialist Midwife (FGM), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (City Campus), Hucknall Road, Nottingham, UK Chapter 15 Care of the perineum, repair and female genital mutilation Sally Inch, RN RM Honorary Research Fellow, Applied Research Centre Health and Lifestyles Interventions, Coventry University, Coventry, UK Chapter 34 Infant feeding Contents Evolve online resources: http://evolve.elsevier.com/Marshall/Myles/ Evolve online resources.................................... vii Contributors....................................................... ix Foreword...........................................................xiii Preface................................................................ xv Acknowledgements......................................... xvii III Student body 1. The midwifery programme has clearly written admission policies that are accessible to potential applicants. These policies include: a. entry requirements, including minimum requirement of completion of secondary education; b. a transparent recruitment process; c. selection process and criteria for acceptance; and d. mechanisms for taking account of prior learning. 2. Eligible midwifery candidates are admitted without prejudice or discrimination (e.g., gender, age, national origin, religion). 3. Eligible midwifery candidates are admitted in keeping with national health care policies and maternity workforce plans. 4. The midwifery programme has clearly written student policies that include: a. expectations of students in classroom and practical areas; b. statements about students’ rights and responsibilities and an established process for addressing student appeals and/or grievances; c. mechanisms for students to provide feedback and ongoing evaluation of the midwifery curriculum, midwifery faculty, and the midwifery programme; and d. requirements for successful completion of the midwifery programme. 5. Mechanisms exist for the student’s active participation in midwifery programme governance and committees. 6. Students have sufficient midwifery practical experience in a variety of settings to attain, at a minimum, the current ICM Essential Competencies for basic midwifery practice. Kinsi Clarke Advocacy Worker, Nottingham, UK Chapter 15 Care of the perineum, repair and female genital mutilation

IV Curriculum 1. The philosophy of the midwifery education programme is consistent with the ICM philosophy and model of care. 2. The purpose of the midwifery education is to produce a competent midwife who: a. has attained/demonstrated, at a minimum, the current ICM Essential Competencies for basic midwifery practice; b. meets the criteria of the ICM Definition of a Midwife and regulatory body standards leading to licensure or registration as a midwife; c. is eligible to apply for advanced education; and d. is a knowledgeable, autonomous practitioner who adheres to the ICM International Code of Ethics for Midwives, standards of the profession and established scope of practice within the jurisdiction where legally recognized. 3. The sequence and content of the midwifery curriculum enables the student to acquire essential competencies for midwifery practice in accord with ICM core documents. 4. The midwifery curriculum includes both theory and practice elements with a minimum of 40% theory and a minimum of 50% practice. a. Minimum length of a direct-entry midwifery education programme is 3 years; b. Minimum length of a post-nursing/health care provider (post-registration) midwifery education programme is 18 months. 5. The midwifery programme uses evidence-based approaches to teaching and learning that promote adult learning and competency based education. 6. The midwifery programme offers opportunities for multidisciplinary content and learning experiences that complement the midwifery content. The purpose of the ICM (2013) global education standards is to establish benchmarks so that internationally all countries, with or without such standards, can educate and train midwives to be competent and autonomous practitioners who are equipped to work within global norms. Additionally, it is envisaged that not only can the standards be expanded to meet the needs of individual countries but they can be achieved within the context of these individual countries’ norms and Midwife Teacher, University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Academic Division of Midwifery, Nottingham, UK Chapter 5 Hormonal cycles: fertilization and early development Chapter 6 The placenta Chapter 7 The fetus

Lccn 98048703 Ocr tesseract 4.1.1 Ocr_detected_lang en Ocr_detected_lang_conf 1.0000 Ocr_detected_script Latin Ocr_detected_script_conf 0.9730 Ocr_module_version 0.0.7 Ocr_parameters -l eng Old_pallet IA400058 Openlibrary_edition Moira McLean, RGN RM ADM PGCEA PGDIP SOM Senior Lecturer – Midwifery and Supervisor of Midwives, School of Nursing and Midwifery, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK Chapter 13 Medical conditions of significance to midwifery practice The concept of resilience is introduced for the reader to contemplate their personal contribution in creating an environment that is conducive to protecting the wellbeing of themselves and colleagues within the workplace. Definition and scope of the midwife Midwives should be informed about the legal framework in which their role and scope of practice are enshrined. A definition of the midwife was developed by the ICM in 1972, which was later adopted by the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) followed by the World Health Organization (WHO). In 1990, at the Kobe Council meeting, the ICM amended the definition, later ratified in 1991 and 1992 by FIGO and WHO respectively. In 2005 and 2011 it was amended slightly by the ICM Council (Box 1.1). At the European level, member states of the EU (known at the time as the European Community [EC]) prepared a list of activities (Box 1.2) that midwives should be entitled to take up within its territory (EC Midwives Directive 1980; WHO 2009). Although midwives must learn about all of these activities, in the UK, where there is skilled medical care available to all pregnant women, it is recognized that it is highly unlikely that midwives would be expected to be proficient in all the activities identified by the EU. The manual removal of the placenta, for example, would routinely be carried out by a doctor unless no doctor is available and the mother’s life is at risk. SECTION 1 The midwife in context 1 The midwife in contemporary midwifery practice...................................... 3 2 Professional issues concerning the midwife and midwifery practice..............25Recognizing the healthy baby at term through examination of the newborn screening................................. 591 The text covers the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, highlighting the importance of midwives as global citizens with common goals, and together they form a strong global community prepared to challenge social inequalities and take action to help end extreme poverty. Rosemary Mander, MSc PhD MTD RGN SCM Emeritus Professor of Midwifery, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Chapter 1 The midwife in contemporary midwifery practice Chapter 26 Bereavement and loss in maternity care Foreword are not being provided with sufficient opportunity to attend, yet classes can make a big difference to women’s experiences of birth and parenting. In addition she draws attention to the value they have in giving women social networks. This has been evident in my daughter’s experience of classes in Germany. Whilst she was critical of some of the content of the classes, she and four other women who birthed one to 10 days apart, have supported each other in parenting. Two years on they remain good friends. Chapter 13 skilfully draws together the most significant medical conditions a midwife is likely to encounter in her practice. Much attention is given to obesity. The authors qualify that although obesity is not in itself a disease it is considered abnormal in western cultures and is now a key health concern affecting society. They discuss the additional risks to pregnant women who are obese and the association of obesity with poor socioeconomic status. Midwives have a key role in educating these women and their families to develop healthier life styles, but the women will only be receptive if they do not experience judgemental attitudes. Myles advice to midwives in the 1960s that, ‘nature is capable of performing her function without aid in most instances; meddlesome midwifery increases the hazards of birth’, is still as relevant today. In this edition, given all the technological advances in the maternity services, Section 4 on labour begins by reminding students that: ‘birth is a physiological process characterized by non-intervention, a supportive environment and empowerment of the woman’. However, an appropriate reflection of multi-cultural changes in UK society is the inclusion of female genital mutilation in chapter 15. Whilst many students will not be involved in the care of women who have undergone such a procedure, it is essential that all midwives understand the mutilation some young women have undergone and the special care they will need in childbirth. The inclusion of Kinsi’s poignant and brave story of her own experiences should help midwives develop the empathy they will need when caring for women who have been subject to similar mutilation. Perinatal mental health has figured since the early days of the textbook but only in recent editions have students been provided with the necessary information to understand the complexity of the psychology of childbearing and psychiatric disorders. A useful inclusion in this edition is tocophobia, fear of giving birth. Students need to take this fear seriously in supporting women and they cannot afford to trivialize these very real phobias. As ever this textbook includes a comprehensive section on the newborn baby, often neglected in other general texts for midwives. This is so important when parents turn to midwives for advice and reassurance or explanations. With many midwifery curricula including a module on the specialist education for the Newborn and Infant Physical Examination, chapter 28 clearly differentiates between the midwife’s and the doctor’s responsibilities when undertaking this examination. The publishers have brought about major improvements also, through locating the colour photographs in these newborn baby chapters close to where they are described in the text rather than as a separate colour plate section. Midwifery is the best career you can have. It is a privilege to work with women and their families as they experience pregnancy, birth and parenting. The knowledge, skills and attitudes that students need to be competent midwives and professional friends to women have been skilfully interwoven in this sixteenth edition. The chapter authors and editors have summarized where appropriate, elaborated when needed, referenced liberally and used illustrations effectively to enhance understanding. Given the infinite depth and breadth of information available in written and electronic forms, they have succeeded in producing a textbook that remains invaluable for the next generation of midwives. Covers designing and implementing high quality midwifery care using evidence, policy and models of care. Highlights why a holistic and evidence-informed approach is necessary to achieve effective care for all. Working examples will help the reader to think critically about their own practice.

Richard Hayman, BSc MB BS DFFP DM FRCOG Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Trust, Gloucester, UK Chapter 21 Operative births Glossary of terms and acronyms...................737 Index................................................................745 Jenny Brewster, MEd(Open) BSc(Hons) PGCert RM RN Senior Lecturer in Midwifery, College of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Care, University of West London, Brentford, UK Chapter 12 Common problems associated with early and advanced pregnancy REFERENCE Midwifery 2020 UK Programme, 2010. Midwifery 2020: Delivering expectations. Edinburgh: Midwifery 2020 UK ProgrammeAcknowledgements The editors of the sixteenth edition are indebted to the many authors of earlier editions whose work has provided the foundations from which this current volume has evolved. From the fifteenth edition, these contributors include the volume editors, Diane M Fraser and Margaret A Cooper, and chapter authors: Christina McKenzie Robina Aslam Alison Miller Jean E Bain Salmon Omokanye Diane Barrowclough Lesley Page Kuldip Kaur Bharj OBE Patricia Percival Susan Dapaah Lindsay Reid Victor E Dapaah Nancy Riddick-Thomas Jean Duerden Jane M Rutherford Philomena Farrell Iolanda G J Serci Alison Gibbs Della Sherratt Adela Hamilton Norma Sittlington Pauline Hudson Nina Smith Billie Hunter Ian M Symonds Beverley Kirk Ros Thomas Judith Lee Denise Tiran Carmel Lloyd Tom Turner Sally Marchant Anne Viccars Christine McCourt Sue McDonald Whilst the support and guidance from the production team at Elsevier has been invaluable in the culmination of an exciting and much improved illustrated text, the editors must also acknowledge the support of family, friends and colleagues in enabling them to accomplish the task amidst their full-time academic roles. I Organization and administration 1. The host institution/agency/branch of government supports the philosophy, aims and objectives of the midwifery education programme. 2. The host institution helps to ensure that financial and public/policy support for the midwifery education programme are sufficient to prepare competent midwives. 3. The midwifery school/programme has a designated budget and budget control that meets programme needs. 4. The midwifery faculty is self-governing and responsible for developing and leading the policies and curriculum of the midwifery education programme. 5. The head of the midwifery programme is a qualified midwife teacher with experience in management/ administration. 6. The midwifery programme takes into account national and international policies and standards to meet maternity workforce needs.

Myles Textbook for Midwives Elsevier eBook on Vitalsource, 17th Edition : Myles Textbook for Midwives Elsevier eBook on Vitalsource Professional Editor, RCM Journal, Professor of Midwifery, University of Chester, Chester, UK, Adjunct Professor of Midwifery, University of South Australia (UniSA), Adelaide, Australia Chapter 23 Physiology and care during the puerperium Chapter 24 Physical health problems and complications in the puerperium Written by midwives for midwives, Myles Textbook for Midwives has been the seminal textbook of midwifery for over 60 years. It offers comprehensive coverage of topics fundamental to 21st midwifery practice. Co-edited for the second time, by internati Karen Jackson, BSc (Hons) MPhil ADM RN RM Midwife Lecturer, University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Academic Division of Midwifery, University of Nottingham, UK Chapter 16 Physiology and care during the first stage of labour Chapter 27 Contraception and sexual health in a global societyElsevier is a leading publisher of health science books and journals, helping to advance medicine by delivering superior education, reference information and decision support tools to doctors, nurses, health practitioners and students. With titles available across a variety of media, we are able to supply the information you need in the most convenient format.