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a b Marochnik, L.; Mukhin, L. (1995). "Is Solar System Evolution Cometary Dominated?". In Shostak, G.S. (ed.). Progress in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. Vol.74. p.83. Bibcode: 1995ASPC...74...83M. ISBN 0-937707-93-7. Gatling, David C.; Leovy, Conway (2007). "Mars Atmosphere: History and Surface Interactions". In Lucy-Ann McFadden; etal. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of the Solar System. pp.301–314. Plutoid chosen as name for Solar System objects like Pluto". Paris: International Astronomical Union. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2008. a b The mass of the Solar System excluding the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn can be determined by adding together all the calculated masses for its largest objects and using rough calculations for the masses of the Oort cloud (estimated at roughly 3 Earth masses), [43] the Kuiper belt (estimated at 0.1 Earth mass) [44] and the asteroid belt (estimated to be 0.0005 Earth mass) [45] for a total, rounded upwards, of ~37 Earth masses, or 8.1% of the mass in orbit around the Sun. With the combined masses of Uranus and Neptune (~31 Earth masses) subtracted, the remaining ~6 Earth masses of material comprise 1.3% of the total orbiting mass.

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A dwarf planet is a body orbiting the Sun that is massive enough to be made near-spherical by its own gravity but that has not cleared planetesimals from its neighborhood and is also not a satellite. [4] Dwarf planets are considered planets by some planetologists but not by the IAU. [5] The IAU has recognized four other bodies in the Solar System as dwarf planets: Ceres, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. [6] [7] Other objects commonly accepted as dwarf planets include Gonggong, Sedna, Orcus, and Quaoar. In a reference to Pluto, other dwarf planets orbiting in the trans-Neptunian region are sometimes called "plutoids", [8] though this term is seldom used. a b Feynman, Richard P.; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew L. (1989) [1965]. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 1. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 0-201-02010-6. OCLC 531535. Carry, B.; etal. (2009). "Physical properties of (2) Pallas". Icarus. 205 (2): 460–472. arXiv: 0912.3626. Bibcode: 2010Icar..205..460C. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2009.08.007. S2CID 119194526. Petit, J.-M.; Morbidelli, A.; Chambers, J. (2001). "The Primordial Excitation and Clearing of the Asteroid Belt" (PDF). Icarus. 153 (2): 338–347. Bibcode: 2001Icar..153..338P. doi: 10.1006/icar.2001.6702. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2007 . Retrieved 22 March 2007.Besides Pluto, astronomers generally agree that at least four other Kuiper belt objects are dwarf planets, [157] though there is some doubt for Orcus, [164] and additional bodies have also been proposed: [165]

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IAU Planet Definition Committee". International Astronomical Union. 2006. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2009. The Solar System's location in the Milky Way is a factor in the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Its orbit is close to circular, and orbits near the Sun are at roughly the same speed as that of the spiral arms. [232] [233] Therefore, the Sun passes through arms only rarely. Because spiral arms are home to a far larger concentration of supernovae, gravitational instabilities, and radiation that could disrupt the Solar System, this has given Earth long periods of stability for life to evolve. [232] However, the changing position of the Solar System relative to other parts of the Milky Way could explain periodic extinction events on Earth, according to the Shiva hypothesis or related theories, but this remains controversial. [234] [235]

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Riley, Pete (2002). "Modeling the heliospheric current sheet: Solar cycle variations". Journal of Geophysical Research. 107 (A7): 1136. Bibcode: 2002JGRA..107.1136R. doi: 10.1029/2001JA000299. Jorgensen, J. L.; Benn, M.; Connerney, J. E. P.; Denver, T.; Jorgensen, P. S.; Andersen, A. C.; Bolton, S. J. (March 2021). "Distribution of Interplanetary Dust Detected by the Juno Spacecraft and Its Contribution to the Zodiacal Light". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 126 (3). Bibcode: 2021JGRE..12606509J. doi: 10.1029/2020JE006509. ISSN 2169-9097. S2CID 228840132. The Solar System lies well outside the star-crowded environs of the Galactic Center. Near the center, gravitational tugs from nearby stars could perturb bodies in the Oort cloud and send many comets into the inner Solar System, producing collisions with potentially catastrophic implications for life on Earth. The intense radiation of the Galactic Center could also interfere with the development of complex life. [232] Stellar flybys that pass within 0.8 light-years of the Sun occur roughly once every 100,000years. The closest well-measured approach was Scholz's Star, which approached to 52 +23 The asteroid belt and Kuiper belt are not added because the individual asteroids are too small to be shown on the diagram. Assemble the planets onto the 3 independent orbit mechanisms on the sun and mount to the ceiling with the included fixings.

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National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Space Studies Board, Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (1990). "3. Present Understanding of the Origin of Planetary Systems". Strategy for the Detection and Study of Other Planetary Systems and Extrasolar Planetary Materials: 1990–2000. Washington D.C.: National Academies Press. pp.21–33. ISBN 978-0309041935. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022 . Retrieved 9 April 2022.

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a b c d e According to IAU definitions, objects orbiting the Sun are classified dynamically and physically into three categories: planets, dwarf planets, and small Solar System bodies.

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Placxo, Kevin W.; Gross, Michael (2006). Astrobiology: a brief introduction. JHU Press. p.66. ISBN 978-0-8018-8367-5. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021 . Retrieved 12 November 2020. Lecar, Myron; Franklin, Fred A.; Holman, Matthew J.; Murray, Norman J. (2001). "Chaos in the Solar System". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 39: 581–631. arXiv: astro-ph/0111600. Bibcode: 2001ARA&A..39..581L. doi: 10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.581. S2CID 55949289. What are the characteristics of the Solar System that lead to the origins of life?". NASA Science (Big Questions). Archived from the original on 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2011. a b c Delsanti, Audrey; Jewitt, David (2006). "The Solar System Beyond The Planets" (PDF). Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2007. The Solar System is surrounded by the Local Interstellar Cloud, although it is not clear if it is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud or if it lies just outside the cloud's edge. [213] [214] Multiple other interstellar clouds also exist in the region within 300 light-years of the Sun, known as the Local Bubble. [214] The latter feature is an hourglass-shaped cavity or superbubble in the interstellar medium roughly 300 light-years across. The bubble is suffused with high-temperature plasma, suggesting that it may be the product of several recent supernovae. [215]Earth (0.983–1.017AU (147.1–152.1millionkm; 91.4–94.5millionmi) from the Sun) is the largest and densest of the inner planets, the only one known to have current geological activity, and the only place in the universe where life is known to exist. [101] Its liquid hydrosphere is unique among the terrestrial planets, and it is the only planet where plate tectonics has been observed. [102] Earth's atmosphere is radically different from those of the other planets, having been altered by the presence of life to contain 21% free oxygen. [103] [104] The planetary magnetosphere shields the surface from solar and cosmic radiation, limiting atmospheric stripping and maintaining habitability. [105] It has one natural satellite, the Moon, the only large satellite of a terrestrial planet in the Solar System. Cameron, A.G.W. (1985). "The partial volatilization of Mercury". Icarus. 64 (2): 285–294. Bibcode: 1985Icar...64..285C. doi: 10.1016/0019-1035(85)90091-0. a b c "Resolutions B5 and B6: 'Definition of a Planet in the Solar System' and 'Pluto' " (PDF). Resolutions adopted at the General Assemblies. International Astronomical Union. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 April 2022.