Discovery Mindblown Action Circuitry Floating Ball Experiment Set

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Kitta, T., Mitsui, T., Kanno, Y., Chiba, H., Moriya, K., and Shinohara, N. (2015). Brain-bladder control network: the unsolved 21st century urological mystery. Int J Urol 22, 342–348.

ACTION CIRCUITS (U.K.) LIMITED overview - Find and update ACTION CIRCUITS (U.K.) LIMITED overview - Find and update

Extension of the quantitative approach to rewarding effects produced by specific optogenetic activation of midbrain dopamine neurons has led to a new view of the circuitry underlying intracranial self-stimulation ( Trujillo-Pisanty et al., 2020). On that view, parallel processing channels convey to the behavioral final-common path signals arising in non-dopaminergic MFB fibers and in the ascending projections of midbrain dopamine neurons. We summarize that new view below and explore its potential implications for explaining the relief of treatment-resistant depression by MFB stimulation. Before doing so, we situate the study of intracranial self-stimulation within the context of animal models of depression, we review aspects of depression germane to the question of how MFB stimulation provides relief, and we discuss how research on the effects of such stimulation in rodents could provide insight into the mechanism underlying the antidepressant effect in humans. Animal Models of Depression Inoue, S., Yang, R., Tantry, A., Davis, C.H., Yang, T., Knoedler, J.R., Wei, Y., Adams, E.L., Thombare, S., Golf, S.R., et al. (2019). Periodic remodeling in a neural circuit governs timing of female sexual behavior. Cell 179, 1393–1408.e16. Huang, M., Li, D., Cheng, X., Pei, Q., Xie, Z., Gu, H., Zhang, X., Chen, Z., Liu, A., Wang, Y., et al. (2021). The tectonigral pathway regulates appetitive locomotion in predatory hunting in mice. Nat Commun 12, 4409. EDUCATIONAL STEM TOY LEARN ABOUT ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITRY: Learn the principles behind electricity, circuitry and engineering as you run the included experiments and even design your own.

References

Hörnberg, H., Pérez-Garci, E., Schreiner, D., Hatstatt-Burklé, L., Magara, F., Baudouin, S., Matter, A., Nacro, K., Pecho-Vrieseling, E., and Scheiffele, P. (2020). Rescue of oxytocin response and social behaviour in a mouse model of autism. Nature 584, 252–256. The results obtained in pharmacological studies employing the reward-mountain method send an important message beyond the role of neurotransmitter systems in reward seeking. These results remind us that we ignore convergent causation (“equifinality”) at our peril. It is obvious that a given measurement, such as a change in response vigor, may arise from multiple causes, but the ease with which convergent causation can be obscured and ignored in the interpretation of curve shifts is often unappreciated. Cang, J., Savier, E., Barchini, J., and Liu, X. (2018). Visual function, organization, and development of the mouse superior colliculus. Annu Rev Vis Sci 4, 239–262.

Action Circuitry Electronic Experiment Set - The Good Play Guide Action Circuitry Electronic Experiment Set - The Good Play Guide

The extraordinary zeal, vigor, and persistence shown by laboratory animals working for rewarding MFB stimulation provides a diametrically opposed image of the weakened motivation and goal seeking shown by patients with depression. In the throes of a depressive episode, even goals that normally loom as urgent can lose their incentive power. Could hypoactivity of conserved neural circuitry subserving electrical self-stimulation in laboratory animals account for the motivational deficit burdening depressed humans? If so, it seems plausible that chronic electrical stimulation of such pathways could provide relief and that a deep understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying electrical self-stimulation could contribute further to the development of novel, effective treatments. Contingency The discovery that rodents will work for specific optogenetic stimulation of midbrain dopamine cells seems to fit the series-circuit model nicely. However, application of the reward-mountain method to optical self-stimulation places a seemingly insurmountable obstacle in the path of the series-circuit model. We also offer a waffle tray recycling service which can save you money in addition to being kind to the environment. Figure 2 shows that multiple variables intervene between the output of the reward-growth function (the green box labeled “benefit”) and the observable behavior of the rat. These variables, which all shift the mountain along the cost axis ( Breton et al., 2013, 2014; Trujillo-Pisanty et al., 2020), include the subjective effort entailed in holding down the lever, the value of alternate activities, and a scale factor applied to the output of the reward-growth function (not shown). Thus, although the reward-mountain method reduces an important source of ambiguity in the interpretation of curve-shift data, we must put some water in our wine. Other sources of ambiguity persist in the interpretation of data obtained by means of the reward-mountain method, and they are likely to do so until the conceptual entities in the model are replaced by measurable neural signals in identified neurons.

Acknowledgments

Fang, Y.Y., Yamaguchi, T., Song, S.C., Tritsch, N.X., and Lin, D. (2018). A hypothalamic midbrain pathway essential for driving maternal behaviors. Neuron 98, 192–207.e10. Hung, L.W., Neuner, S., Polepalli, J.S., Beier, K.T., Wright, M., Walsh, J.J., Lewis, E.M., Luo, L., Deisseroth, K., Dölen, G., et al. (2017). Gating of social reward by oxytocin in the ventral tegmental area. Science 357, 1406–1411. Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., Mullany, E.C., Biryukov, S., Abbafati, C., Abera, S.F., et al. (2014). Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 384, 766–781.

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Dölen, G., Darvishzadeh, A., Huang, K.W., and Malenka, R.C. (2013). Social reward requires coordinated activity of nucleus accumbens oxytocin and serotonin. Nature 501, 179–184. Before we can explore more deeply how research on intracranial self-stimulation can inform our understanding of the mechanism by which deep brain stimulation of the MFB relieves treatment-resistant depression, we need to delve into how ICSS is measured and how conclusions about mechanisms are drawn from the behavioral observations. What do changes in the observed performance of the animal reveal about the internal variables that control goal-directed behavior and its neural underpinnings? Boehnke, S.E., and Munoz, D.P. (2008). On the importance of the transient visual response in the superior colliculus. Curr Opin Neurobiol 18, 544–551. Noto, H., Roppolo, J.R., Steers, W.D., and de Groat, W.C. (1989). Excitatory and inhibitory influences on bladder activity elicited by electrical stimulation in the pontine micturition center in the rat. Brain Res 492, 99–115. Betley, J.N., Cao, Z.F.H., Ritola, K.D., and Sternson, S.M. (2013). Parallel, redundant circuit organization for homeostatic control of feeding behavior. Cell 155, 1337–1350.

Muto, A., and Kawakami, K. (2013). Prey capture in zebrafish larvae serves as a model to study cognitive functions. Front Neural Circuits 7. Keller, J.A., Chen, J., Simpson, S., Wang, E.H.J., Lilascharoen, V., George, O., Lim, B.K., and Stowers, L. (2018). Voluntary urination control by brainstem neurons that relax the urethral sphincter. Nat Neurosci 21, 1229–1238. Fadok, J.P., Markovic, M., Tovote, P., and Lüthi, A. (2018). New perspectives on central amygdala function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 49, 141–147.