The Northumbrians: North-East England and Its People: A New History

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Northumbria was again the most powerful kingdom in Britain (as it had been under Edwin) and Oswiu took the rest of Mercia in 656 CE after the death of Peada. He was driven out by Wulfhere (one of Penda's sons, r. 658-675 CE) in 658 CE but still held Northumbria. In 664 CE he presided over the Synod of Whitby which was called to resolve the differences between Roman Catholic and Celtic Christianity; he ruled in favor of Roman Catholicism as the official religion of Northumbria. Roy, W (1747–55). "Military Survey of Scotland". National Library of Scotland. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009 . Retrieved 1 September 2009. The Magnesian Limestone grasslands of East Durham are a unique habitat not found anywhere else in the world which is particularly important to many species of butterfly and moths. [58]

To which I would add ‘Portugal’ and ‘Natalie’, and the fictitious firm of Coates’s Oak-Smoked Bloater Company. He spent his boyhood in the mining village of New Hartley in Northumberland, went to school in Seaton Delaval, studied for a PhD in history at Northumbria University and now works in Newcastle as director of governance and partnerships in the regional NHS. Precise definitions vary, but they typically centre around the historic counties of Northumberland and Durham; the ceremonial counties of Northumberland, Durham and Tyne and Wear; [2] or the region of North East England. Parts of historic Yorkshire and ceremonial North Yorkshire are sometimes included. [3] Scholar Roger Collins has observed how few historical records survive from the Kingdom of Mercia due to the wars with Wessex and the Viking invasions and goes on to note, “the conflicts of the ninth and tenth centuries were in most respects to prove equally destructive in Northumbria, whose political stability had never been very secure” (194). Due to the loss of these records, many events in Northumbria's history are obscured and the last year of Aethelfrith's reign is among them. The Venerable Bede (673–735) is the most famous author of the Anglo-Saxon Period, and a native of Northumbria. His Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ( Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731) has become both a template for later historians and a crucial historical account in its own right, [102] and much of it focuses on Northumbria. [103] [104] He's also famous for his theological works, and verse and prose accounts of holy lives. [105] After the Synod of Whitby, the role of the European continent gained importance in Northumbrian culture. During the end of the eighth century, the scriptorium at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow was producing manuscripts of his works for high demand on the Continent. [106]An all-party pressure group plans to re-create the ancient kingdom of Northumbria as a federal state in a new United Kingdom". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2015. The Anglo-Saxon states of Bernicia and Deira were often in conflict before their eventual semi-permanent unification in 654. Political power in Deira was concentrated in the East Riding of Yorkshire, which included York, the North York Moors, and the Vale of York. [18] The political heartlands of Bernicia were the areas around Bamburgh and Lindisfarne, Monkwearmouth and Jarrow, and in Cumbria, west of the Pennines in the area around Carlisle. [19] The name that these two states eventually united under, Northumbria, might have been coined by Bede and made popular through his Ecclesiastical History of the English People. [20] The Christian culture of Northumbria, fuelled by influences from the continent and Ireland, promoted a broad range of literary and artistic works. The battle of Dún Nechtain was carried out on the twentieth day of the month of May, a Sunday, in which Ecfrith son of Osu, king of the Saxons, in the 15th year of his rule completed, with magna caterua of his soldiers was killed by Bruide son of Bile king of Fortriu."

Downham, Clare (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Dunedin Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0. Bede, Ecclesiastical History, III: XXIV Oswiu "subdued the greater part of the Picts to the dominion of the English" in 658. Foot, Sarah (12 July 2011). AEthelstan: The First King of England. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12535-1. After the English from Wessex absorbed the Danish-ruled territories in the southern part of the former kingdom, Scots invasions reduced the rump Northumbria to an earldom stretching from the Tees to the Tweed. The surviving Earldom of Northumbria was then disputed between the emerging kingdoms of England and Scotland, to be split roughly in half along the River Tweed. Under Roman rule, some Britons north of the Humber practised Christianity. York had a bishop as early as the fourth century. [74] After the Romans left Britain in the early fifth century, Christianity did not disappear, [75] but it existed alongside Celtic paganism, [76] and possibly many other cults. [77] Anglo-Saxons brought their own Germanic pagan beliefs and practices when they settled there. At Yeavering, in Bernicia, excavations have uncovered evidence of a pagan shrine, animal sacrifice, and ritual burials. [78] Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity [ edit ]

Angles North of the Humber

Anderson, Olof Sigfrid (1934). "Sadberge". The English hundred-names (Thesis). Lund: Håkan Ohlsson. p.1. ;

Higham, N.J. (1993). The kingdom of Northumbria: AD350–1100. Dover, NH: A. Sutton. ISBN 9780862997304. Whatever other consequences may have resulted from Whitby, one was an increase in churches, abbeys, and monasteries dedicated to saints of Rome (especially St. Peter) with attendant scriptoriums and libraries; these not only produced Illuminated Manuscripts but encouraged scholarship. Literacy & Rise of Wessex He divides his study of the region into five main themes: the martial, fight

The Kings of Northumbria

Insular art, rich in symbolism and meaning, is characterized by its concern for geometric design rather than naturalistic representation, love of flat areas of colour, and use of complicated interlace patterns. [99] All of these elements appear in the Lindisfarne Gospels (early eighth century). The Insular style was eventually imported to the European continent, exercising great influence on the art of the Carolingian empire. [100] Sword pommel from the Bedale Hoard, inlaid with gold foil.

Nennius (2005). Historia Brittonum (The History of the Britons). Translated by Rowley, Richard. Cribyn: Llanerch Press. ISBN 9781861431394. Wood, Ian (2008). "Thrymas, Sceattas and the Cult of the Cross". Two Decades of Discovery. Studies in Early Medieval Coinage. Vol.1. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp.23–30. ISBN 978-1-84383-371-0.

Definition

Downham, Clare (2004). "Eric Bloodaxe – Axed? The Mystery of the Last Scandinavian King of York". Medieval Scandinavia. 14: 51–77. In the time of Bede, there were five languages in Britain: English, British, Irish, Pictish, and Latin. [c] [128] Northumbrian was one of four distinct dialects of Old English, along with Mercian, West Saxon, and Kentish. [129] Analysis of written texts, brooches, runes and other available sources shows that Northumbrian vowel pronunciation differed from West Saxon. [130] The Christianity culture of Northumbria was influenced by the continent as well as Ireland. In particular, Wilfrid travelled to Rome and abandoned the traditions of the Celtic church in favour of Roman practices. When he returned to England, he became abbot of a new monastery at Ripon in 660. Wilfrid advocated acceptance of the authority of Rome at the Synod of Whitby. The two-halves of the double monastery Monkwearmouth–Jarrow were founded by the nobleman Benedict Biscop in 673 and 681. Biscop became the first abbot of the monastery, and travelled to Rome six times to buy books for the library. [85] His successor, Abbot Ceolfrith, continued to add to the library until by one estimate the library at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow had over two hundred volumes. [85] One who benefited from this library was Bede. [86]